Ray Bradburys Science-fiction Novel Fahrenheit 451 Has Literary Eleme

Ray Bradbury's science-fiction novel Fahrenheit 451 has literary elements that strengthen its interpretation. The theme of this novel is the significance of a person's independent thought. The literary movement of this piece of literature is Romanticism. Through the use of Guy Montag, an emotionally distressed individual who realizes the importance of independent thinking, Fahrenheit 451's theme and literary movement are better understood. The theme of Fahrenheit 451 is the importance of an individual's independent thought and the individual's creative ability. Guy Montag never thought about what he did because he was told what he did was appropriate for society, and also he is happy with his role in society. He felt like that until he met Clarisse McClellan, a 17 year-old girl that society calls a mental case because she questions society. She ?teaches? Montag about the past when society did not fear the firemen. When he talked to the his colleagues they laugh at him because they believe what their handbook says. ?The only action these characters take is to maintain their status quo-the way things are. In contrast, Clarisse, Montag and Faber are individuals who wonder about their world and, in the case of Montag and Faber, are able to make attempts to change things? (Telgen 145).He had been taking the books at some of the midnight runs he had, but never really wanted to find out what is written in them until after he found out that Clarisse died. A person that helped Montag expand his creativity was Professor Faber. He was a man that Montag remembered he had met when he needed someone else's guidance to do the right thing for himself. Professor Faber tells Montag about how society has depended on technology for many things and that Shah 2 technology threatened the development of the mind. ?In Bradbury's novel, education's emphasis on technology leads to a culture where people understand how things are done but never bother to wonder why things are done? (Levy 1314). This type of education does not encourage the persons with unique abilities to look into depth and find a reason for why things are done. ?School is shortened, discipline relaxed, philosophies, histories, languages dropped, English and spelling gradually gradually neglected, finally almost completely ignored. Life is immediate, the job counts, pleasure lies about after work. Why learn anything, save pressing buttons, pulling switches, fitting nuts and bolts (Bradbury 55-6). This is the quote that Captain Beatty, Montag's boss, said to Montag when Montag was not sure about being a fireman. Novels have many aspects that influence the author in determining the type of plot they should include. The literary movement of Fahrenheit 451 is Romanticism. It has six different characteristics: 1) emphasizes individualism, spontaneity, and freedom from rules; 2) shows a solitary life, not a life in society; 3) shows a belief that imagination is superior to reason; 4) reflects a devotion to beauty; 5) shows a love and worship of nature and fascination with the past, especially with myths and the supernatural; 6) shows a passionate love of country (Donnell 2). Montag emphasizes disposition, whimsical tendency, and salvation from regulations by changing his belief about community after being a fireman for 12 years. ?Bradbury has been called a romantic, and his romanticism often surfaces in the themes he investigates: the conflict between human vitality and spiritless mechanism, between the creative individual and the conforming group,...? (Paradowski 356). Clarisse McClellan and her family showed a life not within the standards of society and also they are people that remain alone and not associate with society. We had some false alarms on the McClellans, when they lived in Chicago. Never found a book. Uncle had mixed records; antisocial. The girl? She was a time Shah 3 bomb. The family had been feeding her subconscious, I'm sure, from what I saw of her school record. She didn't want to know how a thing was done, but why. (Bradbury 60) What Captain Beatty said about the McClellans proves they were considered outcasts. Professor Faber shows the confidence that imagination is greater to understanding. This was proven by the quote, ?The magic is only in what books say, how they stitched the patches of the universe together into one garment for us? (83). This means that the only things that is needed is the information provided in books that help explain the items that are not explained by the reason. The plot and theme are captured more thoroughly through the use of distinct characters and their points of

An Unlikely Murderer Essays - American Folklore, Axe Murder

An Unlikely Murderer Essays - American Folklore, Axe Murder An Unlikely Murderer One would think that crimes with such a gruesome nature would be committed by a hatchet-wielding maniac as put by Russell Aiuto (1). But rather, the suspect was that of a church-going, Sunday-school-teaching, respectable, spinster-daughter(Aiuto 1). The young woman, Lizzie Borden, was charged with the killing of her father and stepmother, a crime worthy of Classical Greek tragedy (Aiuto 1). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to research the life and trial of Lizzie Borden in order to determine if she was innocent or guilty of parricide, the murder of ones parents. It was on the 19th of July, 1860, that in Fall River, Massachusetts Lizzie Borden was born (Radin 268). She grew up there alongside her father, Andrew Borden. He was a very prosperous man, starting out as the towns undertaker and ending up investing his profits into the textile industry. When Lizzie made it in to her teens, Mr. Borden was worth $500,000 (Paton 432). Being as prosperous as he was, he only had to places to spend his money: his two daughters, Lizzie and her older sister Emma (Paton 432). Andrew Borden also had a wife, Abby Borden. She was the stepmother of Lizzie and Emma and a hated one at that. Whenever Lizzie and Abby were together in the house, which happened a lot, the atmosphere was electric (Paton 433). Abby was called Mrs. Borden, and Lizzie did not eat when Abby was around. Their relationship was so distant, that Lizzie only spoke to her when it was needed (Paton 433). Lizzie first despised Abby when Andrew decided to purchase Abbys sisters home and have it in his wifes name. This prevented his sister-in-law from getting evicted, but Lizzie saw it as a chance for Abby to take advantage of Andrews money (Paton 433). What most people do not know, is that Lizzie had somewhat of a criminal record before she was charged with the murder. The first was committed in her own home. She had reported to her father that some of Abbys stuff had been stolen by a thief. Andrew called the police but stopped them in the middle of their investigation because he noticed that the only person that could have committed the crime was Lizzier herself (Paton 433). Perhaps the only reason Lizzie may have had any hate for her father was when he laid her pigeons to rest. Intruders had broken into the garden of the Bordens, where Lizzies pigeons were held. Mr. Borden assumed that the intruders were after the birds and therefore, decapitated the birds with and ax (Paton 434). Could this be a sign? 1892 was a year of record breaking heat. It seemed to have been 12 months of total summer (Paton 434). That summer, Lizzie bought small doses in several visits of prussic acid, a lethal drug. The drugstore owners started to notice, which caused her to make her visits more discreet (Paton 434). The day of August 4th was a day that would make history. It started out normal. Emma was not in town, and there was a guest staying in the house, Uncle John Morse. Bridget Sullivan, the maid, was up with Uncle John as she did her daily chores. She stopped short, however, because of a sickness she had had recently (Paton 435). Then, with John gone into town and Bridget cleaning the windows, the murders happened. At 9:00 AM, Abby Borden was killed. With nothing more worse happening, Andrew Borden was then killed two and a half hours later, at 11:30 AM (Sams 1). There were 20 wounds from a sharp instrument on Abby and only 10 on Andrew (Paton 432). Lizzie supposedly saw only her father dead. She ran to the neighbours and cried that her father had been killed. She said her mother had gotten a note, asking her to go aid an ill person. So obviously, Lizzie did not know that Abby was in the house dead. The police got there, and they found Abbys corpse in a bedroom. Then for some odd reason, Lizzie remembered that she may have heard her come back in to the house earlier (Paton 436). Lizzies alibi was rather odd. She said she had went out in to the outbuilding

Abstract of Chapter 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abstract of Chapter 8 - Essay Example Using the case of Health Net for the above elaborations, managers of most organizations in the present world realize that a long-run success needs a focus on the cost, service, and quality. The above three components comprise the competitive edge of the entity. Therefore, Health Net uses such management control system in achieving such focus. Health Net as one of the prevalent managed health-care organization in the United States. It has about 7,500 employees and a revenue of about $12 billion in the year 2011, have an excellent management control system that has placed it above its competitors. The organization offers coverage up to 5.6 million health plan members (Gitman, Zutter, In Mukherjee, In Battista, Gitman & Zutter, 2013). To compete effectively in the market, Health Net commenced a critical information systems development programs known as â€Å"fourth generation medical management.† The control regulator is for the creation of a greater opportunity for growing the overall quality as the costs decreased by managing the patient care in the electronic link. The system provides physicians and other health care providers an instant user-friendly electronic access to comprehensive information about the medical history of various patients as well as the best clinic treatment recommended. Therefore, a faster and a pre approved a referral to the best clinical resource whether specialist or an emergency room. The above measure ultimately satisfies the customers, and as a bonus, helps in the reduction of costs (Gitman, Zutter, In Mukherjee, In Battista, Gitman & Zutter, 2013). A balanced scorecard applies where there is a need to strike a balance between the financial and the nonfinancial measures during the performance measurement process. It therefore, links performance to rewards and, therefore, gives the explicit recognition of the relationship between the organizational

Managing Preformance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Preformance - Essay Example The important aspect in managing performance is the leadership skills that can be enhanced alongside attitudes, interpersonal skills and behaviours.(Abbey,2007). It helps to retain and maintain people who embody the basic human capital of the organizations as they are the one responsible for the execution of the strategic plans of the business. (Abbey,2007). This essay includes the analysis of the issues in managing performance by citing cases in an organization that involves performance management. The views and opinions of several organizations about the affectivity of the management are cited. The disadvantage and advantages of the performance management are enumerated to further support the importance of such management. Based on the studies that will be presented in this essay effective performance management will result in an increase in sales and greater profitability. Managing performance involves the evaluation of the employee and an appropriate compensation for the job. Companies and managers have conflicting ideas about this. In the study done by Harris (2001), it involves two phases. It is about the argument that the importance of managerial values and assumptions about rewarding individual performance has been an overlooked and underestimated dimension in the design and application of individual performance-related pay processes (IPRP). ... ' perspective on the effectiveness of performance-related pay processes in terms of encouraging the types of behaviours employers stated they were seeking from their employees. The study done by Harris (2001) wants to prove that a well compensated employee will result in a well done job and thus increases the output and the profitability of the company. It is the responsibility of the managers to fill in the gap between the missing links of aspirations and results, by motivating their employees, through management of their performance.(Abbey,2007). The organizations are aware that the success of the strategy is dependent on the effort and capabilities of their employees to implement the strategy that makes all the difference to their flourishing business.(Abbey,2007). In the study done by Harris (2001), 78 percent of respondents identified a non publicized objective which is to increase employee commitment and improve individual motivation through a fairer reward system more focused on business objectives. This was referred to by the study as an official agenda. Another objective identified as an hidden agenda was concerned with the control aspects of performance management system, which changing the culture, making managers manage, dealing with issues of under-performance, reducing staffing levels and costs while increasing workloads. Another important objective is to increase the potential of an organization, in order to achieve its strategy; it is important that organization develops and creates the capabilities of its employees. Effective people management is the only key to improve the businesses performance. The most important purpose of Performance Management is to increase the effectiveness of the employees. This should be done, in order to improve the

Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Question - Essay Example The tasks of Joachim were to make sure that the world was still persuaded that Germany wanted candidly an arms limitation agreement while making sure that this agreement was not developed at all. He later became a great friend of the Fuhrer, to the hatred of members who had serve for a long period of time, who though that Joachim had no talent and was insincere. Despite the hatred from the other members, Joachim was made the Foreign Minister and Ambassador to Britain (Keylor, 2010). In the run up to World War II, Joachim played a crucial role in brokering the pact of Steel with the non-aggression pact of Soviet German and fascist Italy. This was referred to the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact. The influence of Ribbentrop pact deteriorated after 1941. After he was detained in June 1945, Joachim was tried at the Nuremberg Trials and found guilty of war crimes for the role he had in pioneering World War II and facilitating the Holocaust (Keylor, 2010). Joachim von Ribbentrop then became the fir st individuals who were hanged as their death sentences in 1946. Ford was an American industrialist and the forefather of the Ford Motor Company. On the other hand, he sponsored the growth of the mass production assembly line method. Ford manufactured and developed the first automobile that a lot of Americans in the middle class could manage to pay for. In addition, he was well recognized for his passivity in the beginning of World War I (Keylor, 2010). He opposed heavily the entry of America in World War II and went on to believe that international businesses could cause the affluence of heading off wars. He went on to state that the war was the product of financiers who are greedy and looking for profit in destruction of humans. In 1939, Henry Ford claimed that the torpedoing of United States merchant ships by submarines owned by the Germans was the result of conspiratorial happenings that financier war makers undertook. The

Polymeric Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery

Polymeric Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery Abstract TO DRUG TARGET For the past few decades, there has been a respectable exploration interest in the territory of drug conveyance utilizing particulate conveyance frameworks as transporters for little and huge particles. Particulate frameworks like nanoparticles have been utilized as a physical methodology to adjust and enhance the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of different sorts of drug particles. They have been utilized within vivo to secure the drug element in the systemic course, confine access of the medication to the picked destinations and to convey the drug at a regulated and managed rate to the site of activity. Different polymers have been utilized within the detailing of nanoparticles for drug conveyance exploration to expand helpful profit, while minimizing side impacts. Here, we survey different parts of nanoparticle plan, characterization, impact of their attributes and their requisitions in conveyance of medication atoms and restorative genes. Introduction for reflective statement The utilization of nanotechnology in medicine and all the more particularly drug conveyance is situated to spread quickly. At present numerous substances are under examination for drug conveyance and all the more particularly for growth help. Interestingly pharmaceutical sciences are utilizing nanoparticles to diminish lethality and symptoms of medications and up to as of late finished not understand that transport system themselves may force dangers to the patient. The sort of perils that are presented by utilizing nanoparticles for medication conveyance are past that postured by traditional dangers forced by chemicals in established conveyance frameworks. For nanoparticles the information on molecule danger as got in inward breath lethality demonstrates to the way industry standards to explore the potential perils of nanoparticles. The toxicology of particulate matter varies from toxicology of substances as the forming chemical(s) could conceivably be dissolvable in living lattices , therefore impacting incredibly the potential introduction of different inward organs. Then again, retained species might likewise impact the potential lethality of the breathed in particles. Discussion For nanoparticles the circumstances is distinctive as their size opens the potential for intersection the different living hindrances inside the constitution. From a positive perspective, particularly the possibility to cross the blood mind hindrance may open new routes for medication conveyance into the cerebrum. Whats more, the nanosize likewise takes into consideration access into the cell and different cell compartments including the core. An incalculable number of substances are at present under examination for the arrangement of nanoparticles for drug conveyance, fluctuating from organic substances like egg whites, gelatin and phospholipids for liposome’s, and moresubstances of a chemical nature like different polymers and strong metal holding nanoparticles. It is evident that the potential collaboration with tissues and cells, and the potential harmfulness, incredibly relies on upon the genuine arrangement of the nanoparticle definition. This paper gives a review on a p ortion of the as of now utilized frameworks for medication conveyance. In addition the potential useful utilize additionally consideration is attracted to the inquiries how we ought to continue with the security assessment of the nanoparticle plans for medication conveyance. For such testing the lessons gained from molecule lethality as connected in particle toxicology may be useful. In spite of the fact that for pharmaceutical utilize the current prerequisites appear to be satisfactory to identify a large portion of the antagonistic impacts of nanoparticle definitions, it cannot be normal that all parts of nanoparticle toxicology will be distinguished. Thus, likely extra more particular testing might be required. Later years have seen exceptional development of exploration and provisions in the territory of nanoscience and nanotechnology. There is expanding confidence that nanotechnology, as connected to drug, will acquire critical developments the determination and medicine of malady. Designed nanoparticles are a critical device to understand various these provisions. It must be distinguished that not all particles utilized for therapeutic purposes go along to the as of late proposed and now by and large acknowledged meaning of a size ≠¤100 nm.however, numerous tests must be overcome if the provision of nanotechnology is to understand the expected enhanced comprehension of the patho-physiological premise of illness, carry more refined analytic chances, and yield enhanced thereapies. Toxicological dangers of nanoparticles To utilize the potential of Nanotechnology within Nanomedicine, full consideration is required to security and toxicological issues. For pharmaceuticals particular medication conveyance details may be utilized to build the alleged helpful proportion or record being the edge between the measurement required for clinical viability and the dosage prompting side effects ( (lethality). Notwithstanding, additionally for these particular details a toxicological assessment is required. This is especially valid for the provisions of nanoparticles for drug conveyance. Medicinal necessity For medicinal purpose certain routine measures requirement to be performed which will hang on to various potential dangers. In any case, it might be expected that not all dangers are at this minute known for the utilization of nanoparticles. Advantages Nanoparticle-based drug conveyance frameworks have extensive potential for medication of tuberculosis (TB). The essential mechanical favorable circumstances of nanoparticles utilized as medication bearers are high stability, high transport limit, achievability of fuse of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, and possibility of variable courses of organization, including oral provision and inhalation. Nanoparticles can likewise be intended to permit regulated (supported) drug discharge from the network. These properties of nanoparticles empower change of drug bioavailability and decrease of the dosing recurrence, and may resolve the issue of nonadherence to endorsed help, which is one of the significant deterrents in the control of TB scourges. The accompanying are around the essential innovative points of interest of nanoparticles as medication transporters: high security (i.e., long timeframe of realistic usability); high bearer limit (i.e., numerous pill particles could be c onsolidated in the molecule grid); attainability of fuse of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances; and practicality of variable courses of organization, including oral organization and inward breath. These bearers can likewise be intended to empower regulated (supported) pill discharge from the matrix.the conduct of polymeric nanoparticles in the gastrointestinal tract is affected by their bioadhesive properties; grip of nanoparticles to the mucosa upgrades the retention of the copartnered medication, hence expanding its bioavailability. Consequently, lectins have been indicated to enhance mucoadhesion of the pill because of the biorecognition of the lectin-united transporters by glycosylated structures in the intestine.their significant focal points, for example, change of medication bioavailability and lessening of the dosing recurrence, may make a sound support for better administration of the malady, making specifically watched medicine more pragmatic and moderate. An alte rnate significant focal point of the nanoparticles is the plausibility of the adaptable courses of pill organization, including oral and inward breath courses. Furthermore, high soundness of the nanoparticles proposes long time span of usability. It could be normal that future examination will focus on the improvement of the vectorized conveyance frameworks consolidating preferences of the colloidal bearers, for example, expansive payloads of a medication, with animated focusing to the spoiling destinations. Conclusion The achievement of this innovation will likely rely on upon toxicological issues connected with comprehension of the destiny of nanocarriers and their polymeric constituents in the physique, and end of the danger of the remaining natural solvents. In this admiration, the likelihood of utilizing pill bearers produced out of characteristic polymers (e.g., chitosan or alginate) speaks to a magnetic point of view. The utilization of Nanotechnology in solution and all the more particularly pill conveyance is situated to spread quickly. For a long time pharmaceutical sciences have been utilizing nanoparticles to lessen danger and symptoms of medications. Up to as of late it was not understood that these transporter frameworks themselves may force dangers to the patient. The sort of risks that are presented by utilizing nanoparticles for pill conveyance are past that postured by expected dangers forced by chemicals in conveyance networks. In any case, in this way, the experimental ideal mod el for the conceivable (unfavorable) reactivity of nanoparticles needs and we have small comprehension of the nuts and bolts of the cooperation of nanoparticles with living cells, organs and life forms. A theoretical comprehension of natural reactions to nanomaterials is required to create and apply sheltered nanomaterials in medication conveyance later on. Moreover a nearby coordinated effort between those working in pill conveyance and molecule toxicology is vital for the trade of ideas, strategies and skill to accelerate this issue. References Gelperina.S. et al. (2005). The Potential Advantages of Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems in Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis.American journal of Respiratory and critical care medicine. 172(12).1487-1490). Retrieved from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718451/ Albrecht C, Knaapen AM, Becker, et al. The crucial role of particle surface reactivity in respirable quartz induced reactive oxygen/nitrogen species formation and APE/Ref-1 induction in rat lung.Respir Res.2005;6:129. Ã…kerman ME, Chan WCW, Laakkonen P, et al. Nonocrystal targeting in vivo.PNAS.2002;99:12617–21. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Alyautdin RN, Petrov VE, Langer K, et al. Delivery of loperamide across the blood-brain barrier with polysorbate 80-coated polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles.J Pharm Res.1997;14:325–8.erican Journal of Respiratory and Critical C Bourges JL, Gautier SE, Delie F, et al. Ocular drug delivery targeting the retina and retinal pigment epithelium using polylactide nanoparticles.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2003;44:3562–9 Medicine Borm PJ, Kreyling W. Toxicological hazards of inhaled nanoparticles – potential implications for drug delivery.J Nanosc Nanotechnol.2004;4:521–31. Borm PJ, Muller-Schulte D. Nanoparticles in drug delivery and environmental exposure: same size, same risks?Nanomedicine.2006;1:235–49. Benardi RJ, Lowery AR, Thompson PA, et al. Immunoshells for targeted photothermal ablation in medulloblastoma and glioma: an in vitro evaluation using human cell lines.J Neurooncol.2007 Sep 6;Epub ahead of print. Borm PJ. Particle toxicology: from coal mining to nanotechnology.Inhal Toxicol.2002;14:311–24. 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Surface modified supermagnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery: interaction studies with human firbroblasts in culture.J Mater Sci: Mat in Med.2004;15:493–6. Hoshino A, Fujioka K, Oku T, et al. Physicochemical properties and cellular toxicity of nanocrystal quantum dots depend on their surface modification.Nano Lett.2004;4:2163–9. Huang M, Khor E, Lim L-Y. Uptake and cytotoxicity of chitosan molecules and nanoparticles: effects of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation.Pharm Res.2004;21:344–53. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food additives) Summary of Evaluations Performed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.INS 175.2001. Kawano T, Yamagata M, Takahishi H, et al. Stabilizing of plasmid DNA in vivo by PEG-modified cationic gold nanoparticles and the gene expression assisted with electrical pulses.J Control Release.2006;111:382–9. Kirchner C, Liedl T, Kudera S, et al. Cytotoxicity of colloidal CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles.Nano Letters.2005;5:331–8. Koziara JM, Lockman PR, Allen DD, et al. Paclitaxel nanoparticles for the potential treatment of brain tumors.J Control Release.2004;99:259–69. Kreuter J. Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugs.Adv Drug Deliv Rev.2001;47:65–81. Lenaerts V, Nagelkerke JF, Van Berkel TJ, et al. In vivo uptake of polyisobutyl cyanoacrylate nanoparticles by rat liver Kupffer, endothelial, and parenchymal cells.J Pharm Sci.1984;73:980–2. Lockman PR, Koziara JM, Mumper RJ, et al. Nanoparticle surface charges alter blood-brain barrier integrity and permeability.J Drug Target.2004;12:635–41. Panyam J, Zhou WZ, Prabha S, et al. Rapid endo-lysosomal escape of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles: implications for drug and gene delivery.FASEB J.2002;16:1217–26. Oberdà ¶rster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, et al. Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain.Inhalation Toxicol.2004;16:437–45.

Video Games and Violence Essay examples -- classical conditioning, pav

One of the main concerns with respect to violence in video games compared to other media is the fact that games are immersive, and interactive. They are repetitive, and based on a reward system which is a proven psychological component of classical conditioning discovered by Ivan Pavlov. This argument however has been going on since the days of the comic book in the 50's, and because of the graphic violence portrayed in them, parents blamed them for their children's bad behavior. It seems that blaming games, and other media in this way is quite a lazy view to take. Subsequently, it is really using game manufacturers as a scapegoat, while ignoring the bigger issue, the person who has committed this act of aggression or violence, and other issues that have brought them to this point. Apparently, according to a 2001 U.S. Surgeon General's report, the panic over video game violence is twice as harmful as it misdirects energy that could be used in helping kids with problems, and allows them to fester to the point where they break down, and act out in aggression. A more appropriate question would be "Do violent games inspire the gamer to cause violence"? If the game does make a person commit violence, then are they mature enough to be playing it in the first place? Does this mean though one learns to be violent from playing a violent game, any more than watching a violent film, or listening to an aggressive Hip-Hop or Rap song, and have a long term effect to make the player violent and aggressive in real life, where they may otherwise have been non-violent. A prison in Missouri seem to think that they do affect the player, as since 2004 they have been the first to remove them from prison privileges. Whether or not this has r... ...ey, n.p.: New York ; Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2007., University of Cumbria Library Catalogue, EBSCOhost, viewed 23 December 2013. Death Race. (2013) DEATH RACE (Video Game). [Online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Race_%281976_game%29. [Accessed 21/12/2013]. Egenfeldt-Nielsen, S. S., Smith, J. and Tosca, S. (2013) 'Video Games and Risks', Understanding Video Games, Second Edition. New York: Routledge, pp 255-277. Springer. (2013) Video games do not make vulnerable teens more violent. Available at: http://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/springer+select?SGWID=0-11001-6-1433942-0 (Accessed: 29/12/2013). Wendy Stogner. (2007) Do Video Games Cause Violence in Children?. Yahoo Voices. Weblog [Online] 23rd May. Available from: http://voices.yahoo.com/do-video-games-cause-violence-children-359143.html?cat=25. [Accessed 29/12/2013].

IAS 18 Revenue Recognition

Introduction This assignment features the recognition and measurement of revenue depending on the source of revenue in accordance with the provisions of International Accounting Standards (IAS) 18 Revenue. I researched the topic and defined the special purposes of the assignment: first of all, it is important to know the main concepts of IAS 18, also to learn the rules by using this particular regulatory framework, and to get knowledge about writing the report at all. The Report To: Managing DirectorFrom: Student A Regarding: IAS 18 Date: 3/11/2011 Introduction to the Report The Conference on International Accounting Standard (IAS) 18 Revenue was held to introduce the concepts of the regulatory framework of financial reporting and to represent the given information in convenient use of practice. The objective of IAS 18 is to prescribe the accounting treatment for revenue arising from certain types of transaction and events (Summaries of International Financial Reporting Standards, 20 01). Key definitionAccording to International Accounting Standard Committee (IASC) the Framework Revenue is income that arises in the course of ordinary activities of an enterprise and is referred to by a variety of different names including sales, fees, interest, dividends and royalties (IASC, 2000). So revenue is one of the most important indicators of accounting. It is a key factor of the profit, its assessment helps to build many financial indicators on the profitability of the activities of the organization, as well as return on investment.A key issue when recording revenue is to define the moment of its recognition. Revenue is recognized if it is likely that the organization will receive economic benefits in the future, and these benefits can be reliably measured. IAS 18 specifies conditions where these criteria are met and therefore the revenue recognizes. This standard also provides practical advice on the application of those criteria. Measurement of Revenue In accordance w ith IAS 18 revenue is usually determined by agreement between the supplier and the customer or user of the asset.This means that it is measured at fair value consideration, which the company has received or receivable; trade discounts and volume rebates provided by the enterprise are taken into the amount. The standard defines fair value as â€Å"the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction†. (IASC, 2000) As the fair value is often expressed in monetary terms, the revenue will be the amount that the company has received or receivable. This problem occurs when the incoming payment is deferred.In this case the present value of the payment will be less than its face value. So IAS 18 introduced the following requirement: the company must be discounting. In such circumstances all future receipts should be discounted using the imputed interest rate. The second problem in recogn izing the revenue arises in cases when the company offers its clients discounts for fast calculation. To comply with the requirements of IAS 18, discounts for fast payment should be measured at the time of the sale and deduct from the revenue.In cases when there is an exchange for goods or services similar in nature, cost of revenue does not arise. When exchanging a variety of goods, revenue is measured at fair value of the goods or services received, minus the amount transferred to cash or cash equivalents. Revenue recognition Revenue is recognized with regard to the certain points: the convincing evidence of an agreement with a customer, the delivering goods and the rendering of services. Sale of goodsThere are following criteria to recognize revenue from the sale of goods: * Significant risks and rewards associated with ownership of the goods passed from the seller to the buyer; * The company no longer participates in the management of the property, sold goods and it does not hav e control over them; * The amount of revenue can be reliably assessed; * Costs that should be suffered relating to a transaction can be measured reliably; * There will be probable economic benefits for the enterprise as a result of this operation. Rendering of servicesWhen the outcome of a transaction involving the rendering of services can be reliably estimated, revenue from the sale of services is based on the level of completion of the transaction at the balance sheet date. The outcome of a transaction can be measured reliably when: * The amount of the transaction can be reliably assessed; * There will be probability to get economic benefits for the enterprise as a result of this operation; * Level of completion of the transaction at the balance sheet date can be assessed; * Costs that should be suffered relating to a transaction can be measured reliably.Revenue from the provision of goods and all services is only recognized when the amounts to be recognized are fixed or determin able, and collectability is reasonably assured (Elliot B. , Elliot J. , 2007) Interest, royalties and dividends IAS 18 considers the accounting procedure of potential components of revenue organization primarily from transactions involving the sale of goods, rendering of services, as well as through other organizations or individuals property of the reporting organization, giving interest, dividends or royalties.If the probability of the economic benefits for the enterprise exists and the amount of revenue can be measured reliably, income in the form of interest, royalties and dividends are recorded as follows: * Interest (fees that are levied for the use of cash and cash equivalents or amounts owed) should be recognized on a temporary basis, which is proportional to the effective yield of the asset; * Dividends (profit-sharing between the owners of the share capital in proportion to their participation in the capital of a particular class) should be recognized when the shareholders have the right to receive payment; * Royalties (fees for the use of fixed assets such as patents, trademarks, copyrights and computer software payments) should be recognized on an accrual basis according to the content of the relevant treaty. Disclosure requirements IAS 18 contains certain disclosure requirements because it is important to use disclosures to get the decision-useful information about an entity’s arrangements with customers.In the income statement, as well as in the financial statements should be disclosed the following information: a. The amount of each substantive article of the revenue received from the sale of goods, services, as well as the amount of interest, royalties and dividends; b. The amount of revenue arose from exchanges of goods or services; c. The methods used to designate the quantitative measures for the level of completion of the transactions in rendering of services. The disclosure requirements provide sufficient information to users of an entity’s financial statements about the changes in circumstances affecting those performance obligations (International Accounting Standards Board, 2008). Example of Revenue On 1/04/2010 Leather Ltd. eceived total subscriptions of â‚ ¬480,000. So as the result, the company is obliged to provide 24 monthly publications of the magazine. Dr Bank 480,000 Cr Deferred Income account 480,000 On 31/03/ 2011 the company has produced and sent out only 6 of the 24 publications, and the total cost of producing the 24 publications is â‚ ¬180,000. The average cost of each publication is the same amount. That means each publication cost 7,500 (â‚ ¬180,000/24). Consequently, the cost of production 6 publications is â‚ ¬45,000 (â‚ ¬7,500*6). For one year, from 1/04/2010 to 31/3/2011, company produced 6 publications. Therefore, to produce all 24 publications, the company should complete the order in 4 years.Thus, each year Leather Ltd. will earn â‚ ¬120,000 (â‚ ¬480,000/4) selling 6 publications. The organization will receive economic benefits in the future, and these benefits can be measured reliably. So 31/3/2011 revenue of the company is â‚ ¬120,000. Dr Deferred Income account 120,000 Cr Sales account 120,000 Income Statement of Leather Ltd. for the year ended 31st March 2011 Sales 120,000 Cost of production 45,000 Gross profit 75,000 Conclusion of the Report Revenue recognition criteria provided in IAS 18 â€Å"Revenue† should normally be applied to each operation separately.However, in certain circumstances, they must be applied to individual elements of a transaction in order to correctly reflect the sources of revenue. At the same time, on the contrary, recognition criteria can be applied simultaneously to two or more operations when their commercial effect cannot be determined without considering the operations as a whole. The provided conference helps to understand that the general principles of revenue recognition and measurement for financial reporting are extremely essential in the system of accounting rules formed by IAS. Signed: ____________ Conclusion The assignment represents the report that determines the important concepts of the regulatory framework defined by IAS 18 Revenue.While researching the following topic I got useful knowledge about the structure of the report. The assignment gives clear explanations of such terms as â€Å"revenue† and â€Å"fair value†, it also outlines important points of revenue recognition and measurement of the revenue. The assignment covers all information about how to recognize revenue and there is the particular example on revenue recognition. Bibliography ELLIOT, B. , ELLIOT, J. , (2007). Financial Accounting and Reporting. Accounting and reporting on an accrual accounting basis. 11th edition. London: Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd. , p. 26. International Accounting Standards Committee (2000). International Accounting Standards Explained.Accounting fo r revenue and Expenses Revenue. London: Copyright of IASC, p. 321. International Accounting Standards Committee (2000), International Accounting Standards Explained, Accounting for Revenue and Expenses Revenue. London: Copyright of IASC, p 322. Preliminary Views on Revenue Recognition in Contracts with Customer. International Accounting Standards Board, 2008. p. 77 http://www. iasb. org/NR/rdonlyres/0E3D5E00-B961-42F0-BA64-AB1D20BB9FE9/0/DP_PreliminaryViewsRevenueRecognition1208. pdf Accessed: 24 Oct 2011 Summaries of International Financial Reporting Standards. Deloitte, 2001. http://www. iasplus. com/standard/ias18. htm. Accessed: 20 Oct 2011

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